ECONOMICS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

ECONOMICS - Assignment Example an observe presently, the two main providers for the area of Michigan are AT&T and Comcast; they may be creating conditions that make other entries into this market difficult. Governor Granholm of Michigan signed the legislation document called Public Act-480 on Dec 21, 2006, which aimed at providing healthy competition for getting video services in the state of Michigan. While Michigan Public Service Commission is responsible to implement the act, to oversee that the franchisee agreement is uniform for all the entrants, the agency has no authority to regulate any service provider under this act, as a public utility provider. However, even with the limited powers of the agency, it has authority to review all disputes between consumers and service providers, between two providers, between the franchisee and its provider entity...................(Video/Cable) Although AT&T as well as Comcast may be happy with the legislation, they admit that the prices offered to consumers, for either bundled packages or individual packages, have shown an increase, after the legislation. Hence, it is essential for the following action, which should be taken by the regulatory authority, MPSC, to monitor and suggest effective ways for bringing in healthy competition. MPSC should compile the data with regard to the households that get services from AT&T as well as Comcast, to know whether they have followed the requirement of the ACT-480, which warrants that they provide cable service to at least 30% of the their telephone subscribers.. MPSC should prepare a list of new entrants who are desirous of making the services available in the area, so that the opportunity of uniform franchisee policy agreement is available to them as well, which will increase the competition in the area. The agency responsible for overlooking and monitoring of the act should take their action seriously to help making the act achieve its goal, as the legislators intended. However, the implementing agency

Coca cola Company, Changes and challenges

Coca cola Company, Changes and challenges The main objective of this work is to provide necessary knowledge about business environment. To elaborate the demographic, cultural, political, social, environmental, technological, economical and legal environment where business function. It also explains the relationship among business, environment and society as well as how to adopt the changing environment in the organization. This paper will analyse the changes and challenges in Coca Cola Company in last five years and how company deal with them. 2. Introduction Environment means the influences, circumstances, constraints and opportunities that surround and affect business organization. There are two kinds of environment micro environmental factor and macro environmental factor. Internal factors close to the organization called macro environment. It can be controlled by organization. Micro environmental factor affects the company ¿Ã‚ ½s decision making process and performance. These factors include consumers, suppliers, and competitors. The external factors which affect organization ¿Ã‚ ½s plans and strategies called macro environment. It is uncontrolled by the business organization. Which includes Political, economic, technological, social, environmental and legal factors. These factors are outside of the control of business. New laws, demography changes, tax changes government policy changes are the example of macro change. The successful management must be capable to adapting to the environment. It is important for an organization to know about business environment it helps to a business organization to develop its strategies and long term policy, knowing about the changing environment will keep the organization dynamic in its approach. (Saikh 2006). Moreover, it is important for business organization to analysis business environment and changes in different factors of environment such as, change in technological environment, economical environment. In decision making process, organization analysis various alternatives and choose the best one. It gives information to decision makers. It helps an organization to develop strategies and policies, understanding about changing environment help to diversify the business in new area and keep company dynamic (Jain et al 2009). In addition, changing in business environment impact on organization by making effective use of PESTEL business organization can take advantages of changing environment and make strategic plans for threats. PESTEL analysis is the most popular method which focuses on external factors of business where it operates. It is beneficial tools for understand the growth and decline of the market, direction for the operations, opportunities and business position. SWOT analys is is a tool that recognizes the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of business organization. This analysis answer the two questions, where is organization at present? And In what direction organization is going? To identify of SWOT analysis is important for business organization because succeeding in planning process for achieving the company ¿Ã‚ ½s goal. 3. Organisation Description and background The Coca Cola Company is the most valuable brand name and world ¿Ã‚ ½s largest non alcoholic beverage company. This company was founded in 1886 in united state of America. Now it operates in more than 200 countries. Coca cola also distributes juice, energy drinks, water, and coffee. The company has partnership with more than 300 bottling and canning company worldwide. Who produce and sell coca cola beverages worldwide. The bottling partners are responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives, handle manufacturing and merchandising. John pemberrtion invented the original recipe of cocawine. Which was inspired by vin mariani, a popular cocawine invented by Angelo mariani. John Pemberton developed coca cola which was non alcoholic version of cocawine. When Pemberton was making drinks for his friend accidently he added carbonated water. His friend liked the test and he adjusts the formula. In 1888 company sold by three companies. Calder purchased one company with exclusive rights to the cocla cola formula from Woolfolk Walker, margate dozier and john Pemberton cut out of competition. In 1982 company started marketing the product and achieved status of national icon for the USA by its 50th anniversary. Coca cola started sold bottles in 1894 and cans in 1955. In 1899 Coca Cola Company made first bottling agreement with Chattanooga and Tennessee. In 1985, company introduce new coke by changing original formula. Most consumers preferred the test of original coca cola. Many people stop to buy the Product then company sh ift back to its original Formula. 4. Coca Cola Business Environment Over the past years, Coca Cola Company has faced lots of changes in the business environment. Company create counterpart with American sweet test product however, it was commercial failure and coca cola change its strategy and return back to its old formula. Consumers become more health conscious then company lunch new product to address consumer needs, such as diet coke and coca cola zero. Company bought bottling business in South Korea which allow to access in retail store as well as makes easy to entry in Japan, Malaysia and china. Moreover, china is now largest coke consumer in world. In 2007 coca cola output of coke in china was 3.6bn tons and it was export 15.3 m tons. By the end of 2007 coke total production in china was 360 million tons. In addition, from 2008 to 2009 company introduced new plant which capacity was 20 million tons. The target of china ¿Ã‚ ½s coke industry is export large quantity of production countries such as, India, Brazil, Belgium and Japan. In 2007, china export to Japan 22% of its total production. This report shows development and positive change in environment of coke ¿Ã‚ ½s industry in china. (China daily, newspaper website) 4.1 Political factors: Coca cola, the non alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA (food and drugs administration) and government has power to set fine for the coca cola company that didn ¿Ã‚ ½t meet their standard law requirement. The charges in laws and regulations, such as taxation requirements, environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions can affect to their entry in foreign land. The changes in non alcoholic beverage Business Company might get pricing pressures, competitive product and their ability to maintain the share in global market. In international market if government change frequently their might be restriction to transfer funds from one country to another. However Coca Cola Company is fallowing the rules and regulation set by government. Since last two years government is so conscious about the environment. Company adjustments in planets and proper way of wastage settlement the chance of affected by the protection laws are decline. Political conditions are overall leave natu ral effects on coca cola industry. It impact good for the cock ¿Ã‚ ½s reputation. 4.2 Economical factors: Economic analysis explores national and world economy impact as well as inflation and recession. Economic factors are those factors that affect the production and sales of the company. If the economy condition is not good at that time coke decide to increase its price it would impact very negative in the production of Coke. Non alcoholic beverage industry has highly sales outside the USA. There has been improvement in soft drink Company in major international markets like Brazil, Germany and Japan. These markets play great role to growth of non alcoholic industry. The country like Pakistan where is the unemployment rate is very much high. In Pakistan coca cola company employs1800 people. During the last two years, the company in Pakistan has involved $130 million. If economic variables are positive of country it impact good otherwise the impact is bad. 4.3 Social factors: Many people are spending healthier lifestyle. Change in lifestyle, population growth rate and carrier attitudes affect non alcoholic industry so that many people like to have bottle water and colas instead of beer. The need of healthy products, bottle water, and juice is more important in the daily life. Consumers from the age of 37 to 55 are more concerned with nutrition. Older age people are becoming more concerned with increasing their long life. This kind of social trend can affect on demand of non alcoholic beverage industry. Increase in awareness among consumer and modern life style might be challenge to the coca cola company. However, company recognized the consumer ¿Ã‚ ½s needs and began to produce diet coke, like beverage, juice and sport drinks. Many nutritionists advise that maximum consumption of coca cola might be harmful to health especially to young children. Drinking of coca cola daily can effect on health after few years. 4.4 Technology factors: The technology of television and internet which affects companies advertising, marketing and promotional programs. Media advertise product attractively it helps to increase sales of the product. Introduction of plastic bottles and cans have increased the sales of coca cola. It is easy to use and bin them. The advancement in technology led to company crate new product like cherry cock in 1985 but consumer prefers original test of coca cola so that some time technology can affect badly. Coca Cola Company introduces new technology all the time because of introduction of new machine company ¿Ã‚ ½s production level increase tremendously. Ardagh glass is the latest technological achievement by Coke Company which is environmentally friendly bottle. It has won several awards for its light weight. 4.5 Environmental factors: Coca cola focused on energy management, water stewardship and climate protection. The company made progress in these areas but company has lot of things to do. In 2007, company used approximately 300 billion liters of water to produce beverage coke is among the world ¿Ã‚ ½s largest purchasers of fructose corn syrup, sugar, coffee, citrus. It has largest consumers of cans and bottles. At the same time company announced to return to communities and nature. An amount of water equal how much company used to produce their beverage. Now company has three objective 1. Recycle the water so it can be return safely to the environment. 2. Reduce the water consumption level in manufacturing process. 3. Refill the water in communities through a global network of local partnership. While the coca cola come up with advance recycling programs company decides through education they can prevent Littre. Company support keep Australia beautiful in Australia, keep America beautiful in USA and tidy Britain group in Britain. Weather and changes in temperature can affect many industries such as coke. Company also invested on fashionable outfits which are made by recycle polyethylene terephthalate bottles. 4.6 Legal factors: Laws, political changes affect firm ¿Ã‚ ½s behaviour. An increase in the minimum wages of labour and more requirements for firms can influence organisation productivity. Sometime change in laws also creates new opportunities for the company. There are some legal issue that Coca Cola Company had faced in recent years. In 1970 ¿Ã‚ ½s coca cola company refuse to share its formula to India therefore company stop to product locally for 16 years. EU member ¿Ã‚ ½s countries ban the coca cola due to the poisoning of 100 children in Belgium and cause seems to be wrong carbon dioxide which was used in coca cola. In 2003, non government organisation in India said coca cola contained toxins with lindane, and malathion that may caused breakdown of immune system and cancer. In India (kerala), the production of coke along with other soft drinks was banded. 5. Changes and Challenges: The non alcoholic industry is competitive. Company should carefully consider below factors which affect financial condition and its future result. Awareness may reduce demand of coke: Government officials and consumers are more concerned and aware about health. Many press reports indicate that lawyers and consumer advocates have threatened by company. Furthermore, misleading exercise related to contract to sell soft drink in school. Consumers are more aware about these issues and negative publicity in media may reduce the sales of carbonated beverage. Increase in competition: The non alcoholic beverage industry is highly competitive. Coke have to compete with international companies as we as local companies where it function. In many countries where coke operates including USA, Pepsi is a primary competitor in the market. Coke ¿Ã‚ ½s capability to maintain the sales of share or get profit in the global market or various local markets may be limited because of competitors. Water scarcity and poor quality Water is main ingredient for Coca Cola Company. Many part of the world it is also limited resources. Company consume huge amount of water per year. Demand of water increase around the world and quality of available water decline this will increase the production cost of the company and affect on profit. Change in non alcoholic beverages business environment: The business of non alcoholic beverage has been changing because of Consumers life style, emerging views of health and nutrition, changing consumer needs and preferences, increase in similar products and price factor. Furthermore, the beverage industry is being affected by the intermediates, especially in USA and European countries. If Coca Cola Company is not able to change along with changing business environment it will effect on company ¿Ã‚ ½s profit and sales of share. Increasing in cost of energy: Coca cola Company ¿Ã‚ ½s bottling partners operates huge number of trucks and other vehicles as well as they use large quantity of electricity, gas and other energy sources to function the bottling company. Day by day price of fuel is increasing it will increase in the production cost of coca cola company. So it will affect the company ¿Ã‚ ½s profit. Weather condition: Weather influence the sales of the coca cola where company function. In summer more people prefer cold drinks such as juice and sprite however, in winter the demand of product decrease. Some part of world where most of month ¿Ã‚ ½s temperature is always high in those places consumption of coca cola is maximum. Change is important, long-lasting and disruptive Changes in company create some opportunities as well as challenges in new areas of business. Such as, lunch fresh product in the market, company might encounter with economic crisis and to change the direction of the organization. Change is continuous process to adjustment: Change in plans strategies and operations are important for company. Furthermore, sharing these changes to managers, supervisors and all level employees make able to them adjust properly to face the changing environment. Moreover, change is an essential phase in the business world mainly in technology. Use of technologies in coca Cola Company reduces the operation cost and increase the profit of the company. There are so many situations company need to change such as advancement in technology that is being used by other similar companies to compete with them company should adopt the technology. In 2007 coca cola modify their product due to people are more concern about health and fitness. Many people are investing more money in their health in order to cope with that trend coke lunch their new product named Enviga, which is calories burning drink. In addition, Coca Cola Company is ties up with Nestle. Both companies are dealing with invation and change. In same year, company change in organisational structure to fulfil the demand and need of the consumers through assimilating with North American can, bottle and juice company. 6. Conclusion: The coca Cola Company keep on refresh everybody its touches. The product of company has multiply to approach of cultural gratitude and understand, this is main key factor that company introduce its product worldwide. Company entry and development in international market will be faster. Coke ¿Ã‚ ½s commitment to remain at changing environment proved that they are the superior among other non alcoholic product. Awareness of environmental issues and health care might impact on the sales of the company however; creative idea and strategy help to grow the business. Coke has developed the entire vital component to expand their business in long term. 7. Recommendation Reward system is an effective technique to motive employee in changing environment of the organisation. Coca Cola Company should apply reward system to its employees so that it will increase in productive and sales. Reward system can be financial or non financial nevertheless, company have to give fair importance to all level employees. Reward system of coke must be functional to make employees devoted to organizational goals. In addition, Training and development programme must be use to groom career of their employees at top to bottom level. Coca Cola Company has to declare some amount of money for training and development purpose. Monthly training session raise the productivity of the organization. Relationship with consumer is vital for Coke Company in some country where Business is controlled by the authorities, in those countries there is a lack of consumer relationship which need to improve. Coke need to market segmentation in new country where company is planning to introduce the product because consumer ¿Ã‚ ½s need, test is different from another country. By doing market segmentation company can serve effectively to its consumers. Demographic factor should be considered by Coca Cola Company. Culture, tradition and characteristics of consumer in new country might be different; it gives information to the company to change certain plans. There are some factors such as climate, test and culture Affect Company directly or indirectly so individual company need to apply their own strategic and management style to increase the sales of coca cola.  ¿Ã‚ ½Dividing a market in to direct groups of buyers who might require separate marketing mixes; the process of classifying consu mers into groups with different needs, characteristics and behaviour ¿Ã‚ ½ (Kotler, 2001). Ref. Sheikh, s.2006 Business environment press sanat printers New Delhi By TR Jain, Mukesh Trehan, Ranju Trehan 2009 business environment(http://books.google.com/books?id=AgWNmP4blhoCpg=PA21dq=what+is+business+environmenthl=enei=WRdcTM-lKIi74gaos5HwAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepageqf=false Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of Marketing (9th Ed.). Prentice-Hall India Kotler, 2001 p. 46). http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/investors/pdfs/10-K_2005/Coca-Cola_10-K_Item_01ab.pdf By TR Jain, Mukesh Trehan, Ranju Trehan 2009 business environment(http://books.google.com/books?id=AgWNmP4blhoCpg=PA21dq=what+is+business+environmenthl=enei=WRdcTM-lKIi74gaos5HwAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CD0Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepageqf=false http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2009-07/13/content_8420666.htm

Streamlining :: Norman Bel Geddes Theater Essays

Streamlining Ukrainian State Theater: Foyer - Norman Bel Geddes, Horizons Norman Bel Geddes was a Broadway stage designer turned industrial designer. During much of his life, his ideas stretched beyond the vision of most people. He encountered a lot of apprehension toward his innovative ideas, many of which never left the drawing board. Yet, Geddes' notions of "Streamlining" are important to understanding public life. Steven Heller and Louise Fili (1995) write, "[Streamlining] was at once the engine of progress and a metaphor for the fast tempo of daily life" (p. 80). To Geddes, streamlining illustrated courage: We are too much inclined to believe, because things have long been done a certain way, that that is the best way to do them. Following old grooves of thought is one method of playing safe. But it deprives one of initiative and takes too long. It sacrifices the value of the element of surprise. At times, the only thing to do is to cut loose and do the unexpected! It takes more even than imagination to be progressive. It takes vision and courage. Geddes deserves our attention because so many of his visions remain a part of our collective consciousness in the form of "semiotic phantoms" that endure the many changes that have taken place sense his age. Photo borrowed from Dannysoar's Geddes page. Norman Bel Geddes was born in Adrian, Michigan, in 1893 to a wealthy family. But, by the time he was seven, his father lost everything in the stock market and drank himself to death a few years later. Norman, his mom, and younger brother lived in poverty for the rest of his childhood. But his mother was a cultured woman and she shared her interest in the theatre and opera with her sons. Norman loved to draw and paint and his mother encouraged him (Russell, 1974, p. 8). During this time, they moved a lot. When Norman was in the ninth grade, he was expelled from school. A cartoonist who'd heard about him helped him get into the Cleveland Institute of Art. Norman also attended the Chicago Art Institute for a short time, but school really wasn't his thing. His strong interest in stage and opera grew and soon he found his niche (Russell, 1974, p.10). Geddes' most notable contribution to stage design was in lighting. Back then, the sole purpose of lighting was visibility.

Coexistence of Private and Public Sectors

New Economic PolicyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For the Malaysian New Economic Policy, see Malaysian New Economic Policy. Soviet Union This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Soviet Union ——————————————————————————– Government[show]ConstitutionGovernment MinistriesState CommitteesExecutive OfficerCouncil of People's CommissarsCouncil of MinistersCabinet of MinistersState CouncilPresidential Council Communist Party[show]Communist Party CongressHistoryGeneral Secretary PolitburoCentral CommitteeSecretariatOrgburo Leadership[show]LeadersPremiers CabinetsPresident (List) Vice PresidentCollective leadership Legislature[show]Congress of Soviets Central Executive CommitteeSupreme Soviet Soviet of the UnionSoviet of NationalitiesPresidiumCongress of People's Deputies Speaker1989 Legislative election Judiciary[show]Law Supreme CourtPeople's CourtProcurator General History[show]1917–1927 RevolutionCivil War1927–1953 World War II1953–1964 Khrushchev Thaw1964–1982 Era of Stagnation1982–1991 Dissolution Ideology[show]State Ideology Soviet democracyMarxism-LeninismLeninismStalinism Economy[show]Economy AgricultureConsumer goodsFive-Year PlanKosygin reformNew Economic PolicyS cience and technologyEra of StagnationMaterial balance planning Society[show]Culture DemographicsEducationFamilyPhraseologyReligionTransportRepre ssion CensorshipCensorship of imagesEconomic repressionGreat purgeGulag systemCollectivizationHuman rightsMass killingsIdeological repressionSuppressed researchPolitical abuse of psychiatryPolitical repressionPopulation transferPropagandaRed Terror ——————————————————————————– Atlas USSR Portal view  ·talk  ·edit The New Economic Policy (NEP) (Russian: , , Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika) was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. [1] It was officially decided in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party. It was promulgated by decree on 21 March 1921, â€Å"On the Replacement of Prodrazvyorstka by Prodnalog† (i. e. , on the replacement of foodstuffs requisitions by fixed foodstuffs tax). In essence, the decree required the farmers to give the government a specified amount of raw agricultural product as a tax in kind. [2] Further decrees refined the policy and expanded it to include some industries. The New Economic Policy was replaced by Stalin's First Five-Year Plan in 1928. Contents [hide] 1 Beginnings 2 Policies 3 Disagreements in leadership 4 Results 5 End of NEP 6 See also 7 Multimedia 8 Further reading 9 Footnotes 10 External links [edit] Beginnings This section requires expansion. The NEP replaced the policies of War Communism. Whilst some leading Bolsheviks were opposed to it, it seemed necessary due to circumstances to allow limited private commercialism in the form of the NEP. [edit] PoliciesThe laws sanctioned the coexistence of private and public sectors, which were incorporated in the NEP, which on the other hand was a state oriented â€Å"mixed economy. † [3] Rather than repossess all goods produced, the Soviet government took only a small percentage of goods. This left the peasants with a marketable surplus which could be sold privately. [4] The state, after starting to use the NEP, migrated away from Communist ideals and started the modernizing of the economy, but this time, with a more free-minded way of doing things. The Soviet Union stopped upholding the idea of nationalizing certain parts of industries. Some kinds of foreign investments were expected by the Soviet Union under the NEP, in order to fund industrial and developmental projects with foreign exchange or technology requirements. [5] The move towards modernization rested on one main issue, transforming the Soviet Union into a modern industrialized society, but to do so the Soviet Union had to reshape its preexisting structures, namely its agricultural system and the class structure that surrounded it. The NEP was primarily a new agricultural policy. [6] The Bolsheviks viewed traditional village life as conservative and backward. The old way of village life was reminiscent of the Tsarist Russia that had supposedly been thrown out with the October Revolution. With the NEP, which sought to repudiate the â€Å"old ways,† methods were put in place which promoted the pursuit by peasants of their self-interests. However, the state only allowed private landholdings because the idea of collectivized farming had met with much opposition. [7] edit] Disagreements in leadershipLenin considered the NEP as a strategic retreat. [8] However, he justified the NEP by insisting that it was a different type of capitalism. He i nsisted that this form of â€Å"state capitalism† was the last stage of capitalism before socialism evolved. [9] Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin disagreed over how to develop the Soviet Economy after the World War and the Civil War. Trotsky, supported by left-wing members of the Communist Party, believed that socialism in Russia would only survive if the state controlled the allocation of all output. Trotsky believed that the state should repossess all output to invest in capital formation. On the other hand, Stalin supported the more conservative members of the Communist Party and advocated for a state run capitalist economy. Stalin managed to wrest control of the Communist Party from Trotsky. After defeating the Trotsky faction, Stalin reversed his opinions about economic policy and implemented the First Five-Year Plan. [10] [edit] ResultsAgricultural production increased greatly. Instead of the government taking all agricultural surpluses with no compensation, the farmers now had the option to sell their surplus yields, and therefore had an incentive to produce more grain. This incentive coupled with the breakup of the quasi-feudal landed estates not only brought agricultural production to pre-Revolution levels but surpassed them. While the agricultural sector became increasingly reliant on small family farms, the heavy industries, banks and financial institutions remained owned and run by the state. Since the Soviet government did not yet pursue any policy of industrialization, and did not allow it to be facilitated by the same private incentives that were increasing agricultural production, this created an imbalance in the economy where the agricultural sector was growing much faster than heavy industry. To keep their income high, the factories began to sell their products at higher prices. Due to the rising cost of manufactured goods, peasants had to produce much more wheat to purchase these consumer goods. This fall in prices of agricultural goods and sharp rise in prices of industrial products was known as the Scissor crisis (from the shape of the graph of relative prices to a reference date). Peasants began withholding their surpluses to wait for higher prices, or sold them to â€Å"NEPmen† (traders and middle-men) who then sold them on at high prices, which was opposed by many members of the Communist Party who considered it an exploitation of urban consumers. To combat the price of consumer goods the state took measures to decrease inflation and enact reforms on the internal practices of the factories. The government also fixed prices to halt the scissor effect. The NEP succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastating effects of the First World War, the Russian Revolution and the Russian civil war. By 1925, in the wake of Lenin's NEP, a â€Å"†¦ major transformation was occurring politically, economically, culturally and spiritually. Small-scale and light industries were largely in the hands of private entrepreneurs or cooperatives. By 1928, agricultural and industrial production had been restored to the 1913 (pre-World War I) level. However, unemployment skyrocketed under the NEP and a wider gap was created between classes. [2] [edit] End of NEPBy 1925, the year after Lenin's death, Nikolai Bukharin had become the foremost supporter of the New Economic Policy. It was abandoned in 1928 after Joseph Stalin obtained a position of leadership during the Great Turn. Stalin had initially supported the NEP against Leon Trotsky, but switched in favour of Collectivization as a result[citation needed] of the Grain Procurement Crisis and the need to accumulate capital rapidly for the vast industrialization programme introduced with the Five Year Plans. It was hoped that the USSR's industrial base would reach the level of capitalist countries in the West, to prevent them being beaten in another possible war. (Stalin proclaimed: â€Å"Either we do it, or we shall be crushed. â€Å") Stalin proposed that the grain crisis was caused by the NEP men, who sold agricultural products to the urban populations for a high price. An alternative explanation for the grain crisis (which is more popular among western historians)[citation needed] revolves around the focus on heavy industry creating a significant consumer goods shortage; which meant peasants had nothing to spend their resources on, thus resulting in the hoarding of their grain. For Lenin and his followers, the NEP was intended as an interim measure. However, it proved highly unpopular with the Left Opposition in the Bolshevik party because of its compromise with some capitalistic elements and the relinquishment of State control. [2] They saw the NEP as a betrayal of communist principles, and they believed it would have a negative long-term economic effect, so they wanted a fully planned economy instead. In particular, the NEP created a class of traders (â€Å"NEP men†) whom the Communists considered to be â€Å"class enemies† of the working class. On the other hand, Lenin is quoted to have said â€Å"The NEP is in earnest and long-term† ( — ? ), which has been used to surmise that if Lenin were to stay alive longer, NEP would have continued beyond 1929, and the disastrous collectivization would have never happened, or it would have been carried out differently. Lenin had also been known to say about NEP: â€Å"We are taking one step backward to later take two steps forward†, suggesting that, though the NEP pointed to another direction, it would provide the economic conditions necessary for socialism eventually to evolve. Lenin's successor, Stalin, eventually introduced full central planning (although a variant of public planning had been the idea of the Left Opposition, which Stalin purged from the Party), re-nationalized much of the economy, and from the late 1920s onwards introduced a policy of rapid industrialization. Stalin's collectivization of agriculture was his most notable and most destructive departure from the NEP approach. It is often argued[citation needed] that industrialization could have been achieved without any collectivization and instead by taxing the peasants more, as similarly happened in Meiji Japan, Otto von Bismarck's Germany, and in post-World War II South Korea and Taiwan. [edit] See alsoEconomic calculation problem Planned economy [edit] MultimediaVladimir I. Lenin: About Natural Tax (Text of the speech in Russian, Record (help ·info)) [edit] Further readingDavies, R. W. (ed. ) (1991). From tsarism to the new economic policy: continuity and change in the economy of the USSR. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801426219. Fitzpatrick, Sheila, et al. (ed. ) (1991). Russia in the Era of NEP. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 025320657X. NEP Era Journal: http://www. d. umn. edu/cla/NEPera/main/index. php Nenovsky. N,(2006). „Lenin and the currency competition. Reflections on the NEP experience (1922-1924),â€Å". International Center of Economic Research Working Paper,Torino, No 22, 2006 [edit] Footnotes1. Ellis, Elisabeth Gaynor; Anthony Esler (2007). â€Å"Revolution and Civil War in Russia†. World History; The Modern Era. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 483. ISBN 0-13-129973-5. 2. ^ a b c Service, Robert (1997). A History of Twentieth-Century Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 124–5. ISBN 0-074-40348-7. 3. ^ V N. Bandera â€Å"New Economic Policy (NEP) as an Economic Policy. † The Journal of Political Economy 71, no. 3 (1963):. http://www. jstor. org/stable/1828984 (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 268. 4. ^ Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984; pg. 95. 5. ^ Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, pg. 96. 6. Vladimir P. Timoshenko, Agricultural Russia and the Wheat Problem. Stanford, CA: Food Research Institute, Stanford University, 1932; pg. 86. 7. ^ Sheldon L. Richman â€Å"War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom. † The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981): (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 93. 8. ^ New economic policy and the politprosvet's goals. Lenin V. I. Collected Works v. 44. p. 159 9. ^ Sheldon L. Richman â€Å"War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom. † The Journal of Libertarian Studies V, no. 1 (1981): (accessed Mar 4, 2009), 94. 10. ^ Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolut ion, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 115. [edit] External links

Ccna 2 Lab Book

Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Instructor Edition Allan Johnson Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA ii Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Instructors Edition Allan Johnson Copyrigh © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc. Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 First Printing July 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 2006920176 ISBN: 1-58713-167-6 Warning and Disclaimer This book is desi gned to provide information about the labs for the Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 course of the Cisco Networking Academy Program.Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information is provided on an â€Å"as is† basis. The author, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc. shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it. The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc. Feedback InformationAt Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value. Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical community. Readers†™ feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through e-mail at [email  protected] com. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message. We greatly appreciate your assistance.Publisher Paul Boger Cisco Representative Anthony Wolfenden Cisco Press Program Manager Jeff Brady Executive Editor Mary Beth Ray Production Manager Patrick Kanouse Senior Development Editor Christopher Cleveland Senior Project Editor San Dee Phillips Copy Editor John Edwards Technical Editor Tom Knott Team Coordinator Vanessa Evans Book and Cover Designer Louisa Adair Composition Louisa Adair Proofreader Gayle Johnson iii Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. iv Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide About the Author Allan Johnson entered the academic world in 1999 after ten years as a business owner/operator to dedicate his efforts to his passion for teaching. He has an M. B. A. and an M. Ed. in occupational training and development. Allan is currently pursuing an M. S. in information security. He is an information technology instructor at Mary Carroll High School and Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas.Since 2003, Allan has committed much of his time and energy to the CCNA Instructional Support Team, providing services for instructors worldwide and creating training materials. He is a familiar voice on the Cisco Networking Academy Community forum â€Å"Ask the Experts† series. He currently holds CCNA and CCAI certifications. About the Technical Reviewer Tom Knott is a Networking Aca demy instructor and IT career–focused learning community director in the Career and Technical Education department at Southeast Raleigh Magnet High School, Raleigh, N. C. Tom has taught all versions of the CCNA curriculum since v1. 1.He coauthored Networking Basics CCNA 1 Companion Guide (ISBN: 1-58713-164-1), the only authorized Companion Guide for the Cisco Networking Academy Program. v Dedication To my wife, Becky, and my daughter, Christina. Thank you both for your love and patience. vi Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Acknowledgments As technical editor, Tom Knott served admirably as my second pair of eyes, finding and correcting technical inaccuracies as well as grammatical errors, helping to make this project a first-class production. Mary Beth Ray, executive editor, did an outstanding job steering this project from beginning to end.I can always count on Mary Beth to make the tough decisions. Christopher Cleveland, development editor, has a dedica tion to perfection that pays dividends in countless, unseen ways. Thank you for providing me with much-needed guidance and support. This book could not be a reality without your persistence. Last, I cannot forget to thank all my students—past and present—who have helped me over the years to create engaging and exciting activities and labs. There is no better way to test the effectiveness of an activity than to give it to a team of dedicated students.They excel at finding the obscurest of errors! I could have never done this without all your support. vii Contents at a Glance Chapter 1 WANs and Routers 1 Chapter 2 Introduction to Routers Chapter 3 Configuring a Router Chapter 4 Learning About Other Devices 119 Chapter 5 Managing Cisco IOS Software 197 Chapter 6 Routing and Routing Protocols 239 Chapter 7 Distance Vector Routing Protocols Chapter 8 TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages Chapter 9 Basic Router Troubleshooting Chapter 10 Intermediate TCP/IP Chapter 11 Acce ss Control Lists (ACLs) Appendix A CCNA 2 Skills-Based Assessment PracticeAppendix B Router Interface Summary Appendix C Erasing and Reloading the Router 21 55 271 351 357 425 439 557 559 551 viii Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Contents Chapter 1: WANs and Routers Study Guide WANs 1 2 2 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching 3 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 4 Concept Questions 4 Routers 5 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 5 Internal Components of a Router 6 Label the External Components of a Router 8 Label the Topology Components Exercise 9 Concept Questions 10 Lab Exercises 11 Curriculum Lab 1-1: Connecting Console Interfaces (1. 2. ) 11 Task 1: Identify Connectors and Components 11 Task 2: Identify the Computer Serial Interface (COM 1 or 2) 11 Task 3: Locate the RJ-45–to–DB9 Adapter 12 Task 4: Locate or Build a Rollover Cable 12Task 5: Connect Cabling Components 13 Curriculum Lab 1-2: Connecting Router LAN Interfaces (1. 2. 6) 13 Task 1: Identify the Et hernet or Fast Ethernet Interfaces on the Router 14 Task 2: Identify the Proper Cables and Connect the Router to a Hub or Switch 14 Task 3: Connect the Workstation Ethernet Cabling 15 Task 4: Verify the Connection 15 Curriculum Lab 1-3: Connecting WAN Interfaces (1. . 7) 15 Task 1: Identify the Serial Interfaces on the Router 16 Task 2: Identify and Locate the Proper Cables 16 Task 3: Cable the Routers 17 Challenge Lab 1-4: Build a Two-Router Topology 18 Task 1: Choose the Devices 18 Task 2: Choose the Cables 18 Task 3: Connect the Devices 19 Task 4: Verify Connectivity 19 Chapter 2: Introduction to Routers Study Guide 21 22 Cisco IOS and the IOS Command-Line Interface 22 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching 22 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 23 Concept Questions 24 Internet Research 25 Starting, Configuring, Accessing, and Using a Router CLI 26 ixRouter Boot Sequence Exercise 26 Using the Router CLI Exercise 27 Interpreting Command Output Exercise 28 Concept Questions 29 Lab Exercises 31 Command Reference 31 Curriculum Lab 2-1: Router Configuration Using Setup (2. 2. 1) 31 Task 1: Start the Router and Begin Setup Mode 32 Task 2: Continue with the Setup Dialog Box 32 Task 3: Show the Current Interface Summary 32 Task 4: Configure the Global Parameters 33 Task 5: Configure the Interface Parameters 33 Task 6: Specifying Whether to Use the Configuration Command Script 33 Curriculum Lab 2-2: Establishing a Console Session withHyperTerminal (2. 2. 4) 34 Task 1: Connect a Rollover Cable to the Console Port 34 Task 2: Start HyperTerminal 34 Task 3: Name the HyperTerminal Session 34 Task 4: Specify the Computer’s Connecting Interface 35 Task 5: Specify the Interface Connection Properties 35 Task 6: Close the Session 36 Task 7: Reopen the HyperTerminal Connection, as Shown in Task 2 37 Task 8: Terminate the HyperTerminal Session 37 Curriculum Lab 2-3: Command-Line Fundamentals (2. 2. 9) 37 Task 1: Start HyperTerminal 38 Task 2: Log In to the Router 38 Task 3: Use the H elp Feature 38 Task 4: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode 38Task 5: Use the Help Feature 39 Task 6: List the show Commands 39 Task 7: Examine the Running Configuration 39 Task 8: Examine the Configuration in More Detail 39 Task 9: Use the Command History Feature 39 Task 10: Log Off and Turn Off the Router 39 Comprehensive Lab 2-4: Exploring the Router and IOS 40 Task 1: Physically Connect to a Router and Start a HyperTerminal Session 40 Task 2: Exploring Setup Mode 42 Task 3: Use the Help Feature 45 Task 4: Examining the Router 47 Task 5: Configure a Workstation on the Router’s LAN 48 Task 6: Troubleshooting Connectivity 49Task 7: Restore Equipment Configurations 50 Challenge Lab 2-5: Configure a Two-Router Topology 51 Task 1: Cable the Topology 51 Task 2: Design and Document Addressing Scheme 51 x Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Task 3: Configure IP Addressing on the Two Routers 52 Task 4: Configure Static Routing Between the Two Routers 52 Task 5: Configure I P Addressing on the Two PCs 53 Task 6: Test Connectivity and Troubleshoot 53 Chapter 3: Configuring a Router Study Guide 55 56 Configuring a Router for Basic Routing 56 Router Prompt Exercise 56 Basic Configuration Exercise 56 how Commands Exercise 59 Documenting the Router Configuration Finishing the Configuration Exercise 62 Managing the Configuration File Exercise 63 Lab Exercises 62 64 Command Reference 64 Curriculum Lab 3-1: Command Modes and Router Identification (3. 1. 2) 65 Task 1: Log in to the Router in User Mode 66 Task 2: Log in to the Router in Privileged Mode 66 Task 3: Enter Global Configuration Mode 66 Task 4: Enter Router Configuration Mode 67 Task 5: Exit from Router Mode and Enter Interface Configuration Mode 67 Task 6: Assign a Name to the Router 67 Task 7: Exit the Router and Global Configuration Mode 68Curriculum Lab 3-2: Configuring Router Passwords (3. 1. 3) 68 Task 1: Log in to the Router in User EXEC Mode 68 Task 2: Log in to the Router in Privileged EXEC M ode 69 Task 3: Enter Global Configuration Mode 69 Task 4: Enter a Hostname of GAD for This Router 69 Task 5: Configure the Console Password on the Router and Exit Line Mode 69 Task 6: Configure the Password on the Virtual Terminal Lines and Exit Line Mode 70 Task 7: Configure the Enable Password and Exit 70 Task 8: Return to User EXEC Mode 70 Task 9: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode Again 70 Task 10: Return to Configuration Mode 70Task 11: Configure the Enable Secret Password and Exit Global Configuration Mode 70 Task 12: Return to User EXEC Mode 71 Task 13: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode Again 71 Task 14: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode Again 71 Task 15: Show the Router’s Running Configuration 71 Curriculum Lab 3-3: Using Router show Commands (3. 1. 4) 73 Task 1: Log in to the Router 74 xi Task 2: Enter the help Command 74 Task 3: Display Help for the show Command 74 Task 4: Display the IOS Software Version and Other Important Information 74 Task 5: Display the Router’s Time and Dat e 75 Task 6: Display a Cached List of Hostnames and Addresses 75Task 7: Display Users Who Are Connected to the Router 75 Task 8: Display the Command Buffer 75 Task 9: Enter Privileged Mode 75 Task 10: Enter the help Command 75 Task 11: Display the Router Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Table 76 Task 12: Display Information About the Flash Memory Device 76 Task 13: Show Information About the Active Configuration File 76 Task 14: Display Information About the Backup Configuration File 76 Task 15: Display Statistics for All Interfaces Configured on the Router 76 Task 16: Display the Protocols Configured on the Router 77Curriculum Lab 3-4: Configuring a Serial Interface (3. 1. 5) 77 Task 1: Connect the Router and Workstation Cabling 78 Task 2: Configure the Name and Passwords for Router 1 78 Task 3: Configure Serial Interface Serial 0 78 Task 4: Save the Running Configuration to the Startup Configuration in Privileged EXEC Mode 78 Task 5: Display Information About Serial Interface 0 o n GAD 79 Task 6: Configure the Name and Passwords for Router 2 80 Task 7: Configure Serial Interface Serial 0 81 Task 8: Save the Running Configuration to the Startup Configuration in Privileged EXEC Mode 81Task 9: Display Information About Serial Interface 0 on BHM 82 Task 10: Verify That the Serial Connection Is Functioning 83 Curriculum Lab 3-5: Making Configuration Changes (3. 1. 6) 84 Task 1: Connect the Router and Workstation Cabling 84 Task 2: Configure Hostname and Passwords 85 Task 3: Configure the Serial 0 Interface 85 Task 4: Save the Configuration 85 Task 5: Verify the Configuration 85 Task 6: Modify the Configuration 85 Task 7: Bring Down Serial Interface 0 86 Task 8: Bring Up the Serial 0 Interface 86 Task 9: Verify the Configuration 87 Curriculum Lab 3-6: Configuring an Ethernet Interface (3. . 7) 89 Task 1: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the GAD Router 89 Task 2: Configure the FastEthernet 0 Interface 89 Task 3: Save the Configuration 90 Task 4: Display the FastEthernet 0 Configuration Information 90 Curriculum Lab 3-7: Configuring Interface Descriptions (3. 2. 3) 92 Task 1: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the Router 93 Task 2: Enter Global Configuration Mode 93 xii Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Task 3: Enter Interface Configuration Mode 93 Task 4: Display Help for the description Command 93 Task 5: Choose a Description for the Interface 93Task 6: Enter a Description for Interface Serial 0 94 Task 7: Examine the Active Configuration File 94 Task 8: Confirm That the Interface Description Is Correct 95 Curriculum Lab 3-8: Configuring Message of the Day (MOTD) (3. 2. 5) 96 Task 1: Configure Basic Router Information 97 Task 2: Enter Global Configuration Mode 97 Task 3: Display Help for the banner motd Command 97 Task 4: Choose the Text for MOTD 97 Task 5: Enter the Desired Banner Message 97 Task 6: Test the MOTD Display 98 Task 7: Verify the MOTD by Looking at the Router Configuration 98 Curriculum Lab 3-9: Configuring Host Tables (3. . 7) 99 Task 1: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the GAD Router 100 Task 2: Configure the Interfaces and Routing Protocol on the GAD Router 100 Task 3: Save the GAD Router Configuration 101 Task 4: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the BHM Router 101 Task 5: Configure the Interfaces and Routing Protocol on the BHM Router 101 Task 6: Save the BHM Router Configuration 101 Task 7: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning 101 Task 8: Configure the IP Host Table for the Network 102 Task 9: Exit Configuration Mode and Test 102 Curriculum Lab 3-10: Backing Up Configuration Files (3. . 9) 106 Task 1: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the GAD Router 107 Task 2: Configure the Interfaces and Routing Protocol on the GAD Router 107 Task 3: Save the GAD Router Configuration 107 Task 4: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the BHM Router 107 Task 5: Configure the Interfaces and Routing Protocol on the BHM Router 107 Task 6: Save the BHM Router Configuration 108 Task 7: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning 108 Task 8: Start Capturing the Configuration File 108 Task 9: Stop Capturing the Configuration File 110 Task 10: Clean Up the Captured Configuration File 110Task 11: Test Your Backup Configuration 112 Task 12: Restart the Router to Remove the Running Configuration 112 Task 13: Reconfigure the Router from the Saved Text File 112 Task 14: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning Again 113 Comprehensive Lab 3-11: Basic Router Configuration and File Management 113 Task 1: Set Up Lab Equipment and Document 114 Task 2: Document Interface Descriptions and Banner 114 Task 3: Basic Router Configurations 115 Task 4: Interface Configurations 115 xiii Task 5: Routing Configurations 115 Task 6: Configure Hosts and Verify Full Network Connectivity 116 Task 7: Capture Configurations and Clean Up . xt Scripts 116 Task 8: Erase Routers and Reload with . txt Files 116 Task 9: Return Equipment to Former State 116 Challenge Lab 3 -12: Basic Router Configuration Challenge 117 Task 1: Edit Script with a New Configuration 117 Task 2: Load Scripts into the Routers 117 Task 3: Attach and Configure Hosts 118 Task 4: Verify Routing and Test Connectivity 118 Chapter 4: Learning About Other Devices Study Guide 119 120 Discovering Neighbors Using CDP 120 CDP Concepts and Commands Exercise 120 Network Topology Discovery Exercise 1 123 Network Topology Discovery Exercise 2 128Getting Information and Troubleshooting Remote Devices Concept Questions 135 Lab Exercises 135 139 Command Reference 139 Curriculum Lab 4-1: Creating a Network Map Using CDP (4. 1. 4) 139 Task 1: Log in to Router 1 (GAD) 140 Task 2: Configure the Routers 140 Task 3: Gather Information About GAD’s Interfaces 140 Task 4: Display the CDP Updates Received on the Local Router 140 Curriculum Lab 4-2: Using CDP Commands (4. 1. 6) 143 Task 1: Configure the Routers 144 Task 2: Gather Information About the GAD Router’s Interfaces 144 Task 3: En able the Interfaces on GAD 145Task 4: Gather Information About the GAD Router Interfaces 145 Task 5: Display the Values of the CDP Timers, the Interface Status, and Encapsulation Used 145 Task 6: Display the CDP Updates Received on the Local Router 146 Task 7: Enable Serial 0 Interface on BHM 146 Task 8: Display Details About CDP Updates Received on the Local Router GAD 147 Task 9: Observe CDP Packets Being Sent and Received on Router GAD 147 Task 10: Observe CDP Packet Traffic 148 Curriculum Lab 4-3: Establishing and Verifying a Telnet Connection (4. 2. 2) 149 Task 1: Configure the Routers 150Task 2: Log in to Router 1 and Verify the Connection to Router 2 150 Task 3: Use help with the Telnet Command 150 Task 4: Telnet to a Remote Router 150 xiv Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Task 5: Look at the Interfaces on the Remote Router 150 Task 6: Display the Protocols on the Remote Router 151 Task 7: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode 151 Task 8: Look at the Running Configu ration 151 Task 9: Look at the Saved Configuration 151 Task 10: Look at the Neighbor Configuration 151 Curriculum Lab 4-4: Suspending and Disconnecting Telnet Sessions (4. 2. 3) 154 Task 1: Configure the Routers 155Task 2: Log in to GAD and Verify the Connection to BHM 155 Task 3: Telnet to a Remote Router 155 Task 4: Look at the Interfaces on the Remote Router 155 Task 5: Suspend the Current Telnet Session 156 Task 6: Resume a Telnet session 156 Task 7: Close a Telnet Session 156 Curriculum Lab 4-5: Advanced Telnet Operations (4. 2. 4) 158 Task 1: Configure the GAD, BHM, and PHX Routers Using the Tables 160 Task 2: Log in to Router 1 and Verify the Connection to Routers 2 and 3 160 Task 3: Telnet to a Remote Router 160 Task 4: Look at the Interfaces on the Remote Router 160 Task 5: Suspend the Current Telnet Session 162Task 6: Establish Another Telnet Session 162 Task 7: Suspend the Current Telnet Session 162 Task 8: Use the show sessions Command to See the Connections 162 Task 9: Resume the Previously Suspended Telnet Session 162 Task 10: Use the show sessions Command to See the Connections 162 Task 11: Close a Telnet Session 163 Task 12: Use the show sessions Command to See the Connections 163 Task 13: Resume the Previously Suspended Telnet Session 163 Task 14: Close a Telnet Session 163 Task 15: Problems with Linked Telnet Sessions on Multiple Routers 164 Task 16: Telnet to the BHM Router 164Task 17: Telnet Back to the PHX Router 164 Task 18: Telnet to the GAD Router 164 Task 19: Telnet to the BHM Router 164 Task 20: Exiting from All Sessions 164 Curriculum Lab 4-6: Connectivity Tests—Ping (4. 2. 5a) 168 Task 1: Configure the GAD and BHM Routers 169 Task 2: Log in to GAD and Verify the Connection to BHM 170 Task 3: Display Information About Host to Layer 3 Address Mappings 170 Task 4: Use the ping Command 170 Task 5: Examine the Results of the ping Command 171 Task 6: Configure the Workstations 171 Task 7: Use the ping command from the Workstation 1 71 Task 8: Test Layer 3 Connectivity 172Task 9: From the Host, Telnet to the Directly Connected Router 172 xv Task 10: Perform an Extended ping 172 Task 11: Perform Another Extended ping 172 Task 12: Perform an Extended ping from the Host 173 Curriculum Lab 4-7: Connectivity Tests—Traceroute (4. 2. 5b) 176 Task 1: Configure the Routers 177 Task 2: Configure the Workstations 177 Task 3: Use the ping Command from the Workstation 177 Task 4: Test Layer 3 Connectivity 177 Task 5: Log in to the Router in User Mode 178 Task 6: Discover the traceroute Options 178 Task 7: Use the Help Function with traceroute 178 Task 8: Continue Discovering the traceroute Options 178Task 9: Use the traceroute Command 179 Task 10: Continue Using traceroute 179 Task 11: Use the tracert Command from a Workstation 179 Task 12: Trace to Cisco and Other Common Websites 180 Task 13: Compare the IP Route traces to Cisco, Yahoo, and AOL 181 Curriculum Lab 4-8: Troubleshooting IP Address Issues (4. 2. 6) 182 Task 1: Configure the Routers 183 Task 2: Configure the Workstations 183 Task 3: Use the ping Command from the Workstation 183 Comprehensive Lab 4-9: CDP Commands 186 Task 1: Cabling, Basic Router Configuration, Workstation Configuration, and Verification 187Task 2: Display the Values of the CDP Timers, the Interface Status, and the Encapsulation Used 190 Task 3: Display CDP Information About Other Devices 191 Task 4: Monitoring and Observing CDP Traffic 191 Comprehensive Lab 4-10: Network Troubleshooting Commands 192 Task 1: Cable and Configure the Topology 192 Task 2: Verify Network Layer Connectivity 193 Task 3: Verify the Path from Source to Destination 194 Task 4: Advanced Telnet Operations 195 Task 5: Finalize Documentation and Restore Equipment Configurations 196 Chapter 5: Managing Cisco IOS Software Study Guide 197 198Router Boot Sequence and Loading IOS Images 198 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 198 Router Boot Sequence Exercise 199 Boot System Commands Exercise 199 Config uration Register Exercise 199 Journal Entry 200 Managing Cisco Router IOS and Configuration Files 200 IOS Naming Convention Exercise 200 xvi Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Backing Up an IOS and Configuration File Exercise 202 Using ROMMON and the tftpdnld Command Exercise 203 Command Reference 205 Lab 5-1: Using the boot system Command (5. 1. 3) 206 Task 1: Log in to the Router 206 Task 2: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode 206Task 3: Save the Existing running-config to the startup-config 207 Task 4: Configure the Router and View the Running Configuration File 207 Task 5: Show Information About the Backup Configuration File 207 Task 6: Display the IOS Version and Other Important Information 207 Task 7: Create the Statements to Perform the Following Functions 208 Task 8: Show Information About the Flash Memory Device 209 Task 9: Specify a Fallback Boot Sequence 209 Lab 5-2: Troubleshooting Configuration Register Boot Problems (5. 1. 5) 211 Task 1: Log in to the Router 211 Task 2: Configure the Router Name and Configuration Register Setting 211 Task : Save the Existing running-config to the startup-config 212 Task 4: Restart the Router 212 Task 5: View the Running Configuration File 212 Task 6: Reload the Saved Configuration 213 Task 7: Display the IOS Version and Other Important Information 213 Task 8: Change the Configuration Register to Load the Startup Configuration File from NVRAM, Save, and Reload the Router 214 Task 9. Verify the Configuration Register Setting and Log Out of the Router 214 Lab 5-3: Managing Configuration Files with TFTP (5. 2. 3) 216 Task 1: Configure the GAD Router 217 Task 2: Configure the Workstation 217Task 3: Start and Configure the Cisco TFTP Server 218 Task 4: Verify Connectivity by Pinging the TFTP Server 218 Task 5: Copy the running-config to the TFTP Server 218 Task 6: Verify the Transfer to the TFTP Server 218 Task 7: Copy the startup-config from the TFTP Server 218 Task 8: Save the New running-config 219 Task 9 : Test the Restored File 219 Lab 5-4: Managing IOS Images with TFTP (5. 2. 5) 219 Task 1: Configure the GAD Router 220 Task 2: Configure the Workstation 220 Task 3: Collect Information to Document the Router 220 Task 4: Collect More Information to Document the Router 220Task 5: Start and Configure the Cisco TFTP Server 221 Task 6: Verify Connectivity by Pinging the TFTP Server 221 Task 7: Prepare to Copy the IOS to the TFTP Server 221 Task 8: Copy the IOS Image to the TFTP Server 221 Task 9: Verify the Transfer to the TFTP Server 222 Task 10: Copy the IOS Image from the TFTP Server 222 xvii Task 11: Test the Restored IOS Image 223 Lab 5-5: Password Recovery Procedures (5. 2. 6a) 224 Task 1: Attempt to Log in to the Router 225 Task 2: Document the Current Configuration Register Setting 225 Task 3: Enter ROM Monitor Mode 225 Task 4: Examine the ROM Monitor Mode Help 225Task 5: Change the Configuration Register Setting to Boot Without Loading the Configuration File 226 Task 6: Restart the Router 226 Task 7: Enter Privileged EXEC Mode and Change the Password 226 Task 8: Verify the New Password and Configuration 227 Lab 5-6: Managing IOS Images with ROMMON and Xmodem (5. 2. 6b) 227 Task 1: Enter the ROM Monitor Mode 228 Task 2: Find a Valid Image in Flash Memory 228 Task 3: Recover from the Listed Images if You See Any 228 Task 4: Record Information Using show version 228 Task 5: Configure the Boot Register to Enter ROMMON Mode 229 Task 6: View Available Commands from the ROMMON Prompt 229Task 7: Reset the Terminal Speed for a Faster Download 230 Task 8: Use the xmodem Command to Request a File from the Host 231 Task 9: Send the File from the HyperTerminal Program 231 Task 10: Reset the Boot Register and the Console Speed 233 Task 11: Review the New Settings 233 Challenge Lab 5-7: Use TFTP to Load IOS and Configuration File 234 Task 1: Cable the Lab and Gather Information 234 Task 2: Change the Configuration Register Setting 235 Task 3: Add Statements to Specify a Different Boot Sequence 236 Task 4: Test Your Boot System Commands 236 Task 5: Back Up the Configuration File to a TFTP Server 237Task 6: Back Up the IOS Stored in Flash to a TFTP Server 237 Instructor Confirmation 238 Chapter 6: Routing and Routing Protocols Study Guide 239 240 Adding Connected and Static IP Routes 240 Dissecting a Routing Table Entry Exercise 240 Static Routing Configuration Exercise 1 241 Static Routing Configuration Exercise 2 242 Internet Research: What Is Administrative Distance? 244 Concept Questions 245 Routing Protocols Overview 245 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching 246 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 247 xviii Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Routing Protocols Flow Chart Exercise 247Concept Questions 248 Routing Protocols: Survey and Configuration Routing Protocol Characteristics Exercise 248 248 RIP Configuration Exercise 1 249 RIP Configuration Exercise 2 250 Concept Questions 252 Lab Exercises 253 Command Reference 253 Curriculum Lab 6 -1: Configuring Static Routes (6. 1. 6) 253 Task 1: Configure Both Routers 254 Task 2: Configure the Workstations with the Proper IP Address, Subnet Mask, and Default Gateway 254 Task 3: Check the Interface Status 255 Task 4: Check the Routing Table Entries 255 Task 5: Add Static Routes 256 Task 6: Verify the New Routes 256 Task 7: Try to Ping Host to Host Again 256Comprehensive Lab 6-2: Static Routing with Migration to Dynamic Routing 259 Task 1: Cable the Lab 260 Task 2: Basic Router Configurations 260 Task 3: Interface Configurations 260 Task 4: Static Routing Configurations 261 Task 5: Migrate to Dynamic Routing 262 Challenge Lab 6-3: Static and Dynamic Routing Configuration 264 Task 1: Cabling, Basic Router Configuration, and Verification 265 Task 2: Configure RIP Routing on HQ and BRANCH 266 Task 3: Configure Static and Default Routing 268 Chapter 7: Distance Vector Routing Protocols Study Guide 271 272 Avoiding Loops When Converging Using Distance Vector Routing Protocols 272 Vocabulary Exercise: Matching 272 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 273 Routing Loop Avoidance Exercise 273 Routing Information Protocol 275 RIP v1 and RIP v2 Comparison Exercise 275 Advanced RIP Concepts and Configuration Exercise 275 Troubleshooting with show Commands 280 Troubleshooting with debug Commands 282 Lab Exercises 284 Command Reference 284 Lab 7-1: Configuring RIP (7. 2. 2) 285 xix Task 1: Configure the Routers 286 Task 2: Check the Routing Table Entries 286 Task 3: Configure the Routing Protocol on the GAD Router 286 Task 4: Save the GAD Router Configuration 287Task 5: Configure the Routing Protocol on the BHM Router 287 Task 6. Save the BHM Router Configuration 287 Task 7: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 287 Task 8: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 287 Task 9: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router 287 Lab 7-2: Troubleshooting RIP (7. 2. 6) 290 Task 1: Configure the Routers 291 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 291 Task 3: Make Sure That Routing Updates Are Being Sent 291Task 4: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router 292 Task 5: Show the RIP Routing Table Entries for Each Router 293 Task 6: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 293 Lab 7-3: Preventing Routing Updates Through an Interface (7. 2. 7) 295 Task 1: Configure the Routers 296 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 296 Task 3: Check the Basic Routing Configuration 296 Task 4: Observe RIP Routing Updates 297 Task 5: Stop Routing Updates from GAD to BHM 298Task 6: Add a Default Route to BHM 298 Lab 7-4: Load Balancing Across Multiple Paths (7. 2. 9) 301 Task 1: Configure the Routers 302 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 303 Task 3: Check the Basic Routing Configuration 303 Task 4: Ensure That the Router Load-Balances on a Per-Packet Basis 304 Task 5: Verify Per-Packet Load Balancing 304 Task 6: Verify Per-Destination Load Balancing 305 Lab 7-5: Configuring IGRP (7. 3. 5) 306 Task 1: Configure the Routers 307 Task 2: Configure the Routing Protocol on the GAD Router 307 Task 3.Save the GAD Router Configuration 307 Task 4: Configure the Routing Protocol on the BHM Router 308 Task 5: Save the BHM Router Configuration 308 Task 6: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 308 Task 7: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 308 xx Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Task 8: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router 308 Task 9: Verify the Routing Protocol 309 Task 10: Verify the IGRP Statements in the Running Configuration of Both Routers 310Task 11: Verify the IGRP Routing Updates Using the debug ip igr p events Command 310 Task 12: Verify the IGRP Routing Updates Using the debug ip igrp transactions Command 311 Task 13: Analyze Specific Routes 311 Lab 7-6: Default Routing with RIP and IGRP (7. 3. 6) 314 Task 1: Configure the Routers 316 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 316 Task 3: Check the Basic Routing Configuration 316 Task 4: Verify Connectivity 316 Task 5: Configure Centre as the Connection to the Internet Service Provider (ISP) 316 Task 6: Set Up a Default Route on the Centre Router 316Task 7: Verify the Routing Tables 317 Task 8: Migrate the Network from RIP to IGRP 317 Task 9: Check Centre’s Routing Table for the Static Default Route 318 Task 10: Create a Second Loopback Interface on Centre to Test the Default Route 318 Lab 7-7: Unequal-Cost Load Balancing with IGRP (7. 3. 8) 322 Task 1: Configure the Routers 323 Task 2: Configure Bandwidth on the MAD Router Interfaces 323 Task 3: Configure the Hosts with t he Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 324 Task 4: Use the variance Command to Configure Unequal-Cost Load Balancing 324 Task 5: Check the Basic Routing Configuration 326Task 6: Verify Per-Packet Load Balancing 327 Task 7: Verify Per-Destination Load Balancing 328 Comprehensive Lab 7-8: Advanced RIP Configuration and Troubleshooting 332 Task 1: Cable the Lab 332 Task 2: Basic Router Configurations 333 Task 3: Interface Configurations 333 Task 4: Dynamic Routing Configurations 334 Task 5: Migration to RIP v2 335 Task 6: Configure and Redistribute a Default Route 339 Task 7: Optimize and Verify RIP Routing 340 Challenge Lab 7-9: RIP and Default Routing to ISP 342 Task 1: Cable the Lab 343 Task 2: Basic Router Configurations 343 Task 3: Interface Configurations 343Task 4: Dynamic Routing Configuration for BRANCH and HQ 344 xxi Task 5: Configure Static Routing on ISP 345 Task 6: Configure Primary Default Routing on HQ 346 Task 7: Configure BRANCH with a Floating Stat ic Default Route 347 Task 8: Test the Backup Route 347 Task 9: Capture and Document Your Configurations 349 Chapter 8: TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages Study Guide 351 352 TCP/IP Error Messages: ICMP 352 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 352 IP Packet Header Exercise 353 ICMP Message Type Exercise 353 ICMP Destination Unreachable Codes Exercise 354 Concept Questions 355 Lab Exercises Chapter 9: 356Basic Router Troubleshooting Study Guide 357 358 Examining the Routing Table 358 Vocabulary Exercises: Completion 358 Interpreting a Routing Table Entry Exercise 360 The show ip route Options Exercise 361 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Address Exercise 361 Complete the Administrative Distance Table Exercise 362 Concept Questions 363 Network Testing Methods and Tips 363 Using the OSI Model to Troubleshoot 364 Match the Tool to the Layer Exercise 365 Concept Questions 365 Router and Routing Troubleshooting Tips 365 The show Command Exercise 366 The debug Command Exercise 371 Concept Questions 372 Lab Exercises 373Command Reference 373 Lab 9-1: Using show ip route to Examine Routing Tables (9. 1. 1) 373 Task 1: Configure the Routers 374 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 374 Task 3: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 374 Task 4: Make Sure That Routing Updates Are Being Sent 375 Task 5: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router 376 Task 6: Enable IGRP Routing on Both Routers 376 xxii Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Task 7: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router Again 376Task 8: Add a Second Serial Cable Between Routers 377 Task 9: Clear the Routing Tables on Both Routers 377 Task 10: Use show ip route to See Different Routes by Type 377 Lab 9-2: Gateway of Last Resort (9. 1. 2) 380 Task 1: Configure the Routers 381 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 381 Task 3: Verify That th e Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 381 Task 4: Make Sure That Routing Updates Are Being Sent 381 Task 5: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router 382 Task 6: Add the Default Route to the BHM Router 382Task 7: Add the Default Route to the GAD Router 382 Task 8: Remove RIP Routing from Both Routers 382 Task 9: Remove the Default Route from Only the GAD Router 382 Task 10: Remove RIP Routing from the Routers and Use IGRP Instead 383 Task 11: Enter a Default Network Entry on the BHM Router 383 Lab 9-3: Last Route Update (9. 1. 8) 386 Task 1: Configure the Routers 386 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 387 Task 3: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 387Task 4: Make Sure That Routing Updates Are Being Sent 387 Task 5: Show the Routing Tables for Each Router 387 Task 6: Check the Routing Table for a Specific Route 38 8 Task 7: Check the IP RIP Database on the BHM Router 389 Task 8: Configure IGRP Using AS Number 101 on All Routers 389 Task 9: From BHM, Enter show ip route 390 Task 10: Check the Routing Protocol on Router BHM 390 Lab 9-4: Troubleshooting Using ping and telnet (9. 2. 6) 393 Task 1: Configure the Routers 394 Task 2: Configure the Hosts with the Proper IP Addresses, Subnet Masks, and Default Gateways 395 Task 3: Check the Connections 395Task 4: Troubleshoot 395 Task 5: List the Findings 395 Task 6: Perform the Lab Again with Team Members 1 and 2 Switching Roles 395 Lab 9-5: Troubleshooting Using traceroute (9. 3. 4) 398 Task 1: Configure the Routers 399 Task 2: Configure the Workstations with the Appropriate IP Address Subnet Masks and Default Gateways 399 Task 3: Ping from the Workstations 399 Task 4: Test Layer 3 Connectivity 400 Task 5: Log in to the Router in User Mode 400 Task 6: Discover the trace Options 400 xxiii Task 7: Use the traceroute Command 401 Task 8: Continue Using traceroute 401 Task 9: Use the tracert Command from a Workstation 401Lab 9-6: Troubleshooting Routing Issues with show ip route and show ip protocols (9. 3. 5) 404 Task 1: Configure the Hostname, Passwords, and Interfaces on the GAD Router 405 Task 2: Configure the Routing Protocol on the GAD Router 405 Task 3: Save the GAD Router Configuration 405 Task 4: Configure the Hostname, Passwords, and Interfaces on the BHM Router 406 Task 5: Configure the Routing Protocol on the BHM Router 406 Task 6: Save the BHM Router Configuration 406 Task 7: Verify That the Internetwork Is Functioning by Pinging the FastEthernet Interface of the Other Router 406 Task 8: Examine the Routing Table 406Task 9: Examine the Routing Protocol Status 406 Task 10: Change the Configuration to Route the Correct Networks 407 Task 11: Confirm That RIP Is Routing the Correct Networks 407 Task 12: Verify the Routing Table 408 Task 13: Verify Connectivity Between the GAD Router and the Host in BHM 408 Lab 9-7: Trouble shooting Routing Issues with debug (9. 3. 7) 412 Task 1: Configure the Hostname, Passwords, and Interfaces on the GAD Router 413 Task 2: Configure the Routing Protocol on the GAD Router 413 Task 3: Save the GAD Router Configuration 413 Task 4: Configure the Hostname, Passwords, and Interfaces on the BHM Router 413Task 5: Configure the Routing Protocol on the BHM Router 413 Task 6: Save the BHM Router Configuration 413 Task 7: Gather Facts—Ask and Listen 414 Task 8: Gather Facts—Test Basic Functionality 414 Task 9: Gather Facts—Start Testing to Isolate the Problem 414 Task 10: Examine the Routing Table 414 Task 11: Examine the Routing Protocol Status 415 Task 12: Gather Facts—Identify the Exact Problem 415 Task 13: Consider the Possibilities 416 Task 14: Create an Action Plan 416 Task 15: Implement the Action Plan 416 Task 16: Observe the Results 416 Challenge Lab 9-8: Basic Routing Troubleshooting 420Task 1: Cable the Lab 420 Task 2: Determine an Appropri ate Addressing Scheme 420 Task 3: Router, Routing, and PC Configuration 421 Task 4: Verify and Troubleshoot Your Network Configuration 422 xxiv Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Chapter 10: Intermediate TCP/IP Study Guide 425 426 TCP and UDP Operation 426 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 426 TCP Segment Format Exercise 427 UDP Segment Format Exercise 427 Concept Questions 427 Operation of Transport Layer Ports 428 Vocabulary Exercise: Completion 428 TCP and UDP Port Numbers Exercise 429 Comparing Layer 2, Layer 3, and Layer 4 Addresses 429Lab Exercises 431 Command Reference 431 Curriculum Lab 10-1: Multiple Active Host Sessions (10. 1. 6) 431 Task 1: Configure the Hostname, Passwords, and Interface on the GAD Router 432 Task 2: Save the Configuration Information from Privileged EXEC Command Mode 432 Task 3: Configure the Host 432 Task 4: Allow HTTP Access to the Router 432 Task 5: Use the Workstation Browser to Access the Router 432 Task 6: Telnet to the Ethernet Interface on the Router from the Host 432 Task 7: Start a Second Telnet Session to the Router 432 Task 8: Check the Sessions on the Host 433Curriculum Lab 10-2: Well-Known Port Numbers and Multiple Sessions (10. 2. 5) 434 Task 1: Configure the Hostname, Passwords, and Interface on the GAD Router 434 Task 2: Save the Configuration Information from Privileged EXEC Command Mode 435 Task 3: Configure the Host 435 Task 4: Allow HTTP Access to the Router 435 Task 5: Use the Workstation Browser to Access the Router 435 Task 6: Telnet to the Ethernet Interface on the Router from the Host 435 Task 7: Start a Second Telnet Session to the Router 435 Task 8: Start a Third Telnet Session to the Router 435 Task 9: Start a Fourth Telnet Session to the Router 436Task 10: Check the Number of Sessions on the Host 436 Task 11: Check the Number of Sessions on the Router 437 Chapter 11: Access Control Lists (ACLs) Study Guide 439 440 Access Control List Fundamentals 440 Basic ACL Concepts and Rules Exe rcises 440 ACL Flow Chart Exercise 441 xxv Standard ACL Syntax Exercise 443 Determine the Wildcard Mask Exercise 443 Concept Questions 444 Access Control Configuration 445 Standard ACL Configuration Exercises 445 Standard ACL Scenario 1 446 Standard ACL Scenario 2 447 Standard ACL Scenario 3 447 Extended ACL Scenario 1 447 Extended ACL Scenario 2 448Extended ACL Scenario 3 449 Extended ACL Scenario 4 449 Extended Named ACL Scenario 450 Restricting vty and HTTP Access 450 Lab Exercises 452 Command Reference 452 Lab 11-1: Configuring Standard Access Lists (11. 2. 1a) 453 Task 1: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the GAD Router 453 Task 2: Configure the Hosts on the Ethernet Segment 454 Task 3: Save the Configuration Information from Privileged EXEC Command Mode 454 Task 4: Confirm Connectivity by Pinging the Default Gateway from Both Hosts 454 Task 5: Prevent Access to the Ethernet Interface from the Hosts 454 Task 6: Ping the Router from the Hosts 454Task 7: Apply the ACL to th e Interface 454 Task 8: Ping the Router from the Hosts 455 Task 9: Create a New ACL 455 Task 10: Apply the ACL to the Proper Router Interface 455 Task 11: Ping the Router from Each Host 455 Lab 11-2: Standard ACLs (11. 2. 1b) 457 Task 1: Perform Basic Router Interconnection 458 Task 2: Perform Basic Configuration 458 Task 3: Establish Access List Requirements 458 Task 4: Plan the Access List Requirements 458 Task 5: Write and Apply the ACL 459 Task 6: Verify the ACL 460 Task 7: Document the ACL 461 Lab 11-3: Configuring Extended Access Lists (11. 2. 2a) 464Task 1: Configure the Host Name and Passwords on the GAD Router 464 Task 2: Configure the Hosts on the Ethernet Segment 465 Task 3: Save the Configuration Information from Privileged EXEC Command Mode 465 Task 4: Confirm Connectivity by Pinging the Default Gateway from Both Hosts 465 Task 5: Connect to the Router Using the Web Browser 465 xxvi Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Task 6: Prevent Access to HTTP (P ort 80) from the Ethernet Interface Hosts 465 Task 7: Apply the ACL to the Interface 465 Task 8: Ping the Router from the Hosts 465 Task 9: Connect to the Router Using the Web Browser 466Task 10: Telnet to the Router from the Hosts 466 Lab 11-4: Simple Extended Access Lists (11. 2. 2b) 467 Task 1: Perform Basic Router and Host Configurations 468 Task 2: Prevent the Production Users from Accessing the Gadsden Network 470 Task 3: Allow a Production User Access to the Gadsden Network 472 Task 4: Allow Gadsden Users Access to the Administration Payroll Server 473 Task 5: Document the ACL 474 Lab 11-5: Configuring a Named Access List (11. 2. 3a) 477 Task 1: Configure the Hostname and Passwords on the GAD Router 478 Task 2: Configure the Hosts on the Ethernet Segment 478Task 3: Save the Configuration Information from Privileged EXEC Command Mode 479 Task 4: Confirm Connectivity by Pinging the Default Gateway from Both Hosts 479 Task 5: Prevent Access to the Ethernet Interface from the Hos ts 479 Task 6: Ping the router from the Hosts 480 Task 7: Apply the ACL to the Interface 480 Task 8: Ping the Router from the Hosts 480 Lab 11-6: Simple DMZ Extended Access Lists (11. 2. 3b) 481 Task 1: Perform Basic Router and Host Configurations 482 Task 2: Protect the Corporate Network 486 Task 3: Protect the DMZ Network 490 Task 4: Deter Spoofing 495 Task 5: Document the ACL 498Lab 11-7: Multiple Access Lists Functions (11. 2. 3c) 502 Task 1: Perform Basic Router Interconnection 503 Task 2: Design the Internetwork Addressing Scheme 504 Task 3: Perform Basic Router Configuration 504 Task 4: Configre the Clients 505 Task 5: Secure the Intranet Server 505 Task 6: Secure the Intranet Documents 506 Task 7: Deter Internet Abuse 506 Task 8: Deter DoS Attacks 507 Task 9: Stop Telnet into the Routers 508 Task 10: Verify the Access Lists 509 Lab 11-8: VTY Restriction (11. 2. 6) 510 Task 1: Perform Basic Router Interconnection 511 Task 2: Perform Basic Configuration 511Task 3: Create the A ccess List That Represents the Gadsden LAN 511 Task 4: Apply the Access List to Permit Only the Gadsden LAN 511 Task 5: Test the Restriction 512 xxvii Task 6: Create the Restrictions for the BHM Router 513 Task 7: Document the ACL 514 Comprehensive Lab 11-9: Standard, Extended, and Named ACLs 518 Task 1: Cable and Document the Lab 518 Task 2: Router, Routing, and PC Configuration 519 Task 3: Verify and Troubleshoot Your Network Configuration 524 Task 4: Configure and Verify Access Control Lists 525 Challenge Lab 11-10a: Three Routers with Multiple ACL Configurations (Form A) 533Task 1: Cable the Lab 534 Task 2: Router, Routing, and PC Configuration 534 Task 3: Verify and Troubleshoot Your Network Configuration 534 Task 4: Configure and Verify Access Control Lists 535 Challenge Lab 11-10b: Three Routers with Multiple ACL Configurations (Form B) 541 Task 1: Cable the Lab 542 Task 2: Router, Routing, and PC Configuration 542 Task 3: Verify and Troubleshoot Your Network Configuration 54 2 Task 4: Configure and Verify Access Control Lists 543 Appendix A: CCNA 2 Skills-Based Assessment Practice Appendix B: Router Interface Summary Appendix C: Erasing and Reloading the Router 557 559 551 xxviiiRouters and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide Icons Used in This Book Communication Server PC PC with Software Terminal File Server Macintosh Access Server ISDN/Frame Relay Switch Cisco Works Workstation ATM Switch Modem Sun Workstation Token Ring Token Ring Printer Laptop Web Server IBM Mainframe Front End Processor Cluster Controller Multilayer Switch FDDI Gateway Router Network Cloud Bridge Line: Ethernet Hub Line: Serial DSU/CSU DSU/CSU FDDI Catalyst Switch Line: Switched Serial Command Syntax Conventions The conventions that present command syntax in this book are the same conventions used in the IOS Command Reference.The Command Reference describes these conventions as follows:  ¦ Bold indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally as shown. In actua l configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), bold indicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command).  ¦ Italic indicates arguments for which you supply actual values.  ¦ Vertical bars (|) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements.  ¦ Square brackets ([ ] ) indicate optional elements.  ¦ Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice.  ¦ Braces within brackets ([{ }] ) indicate a required choice within an optional element. xxix IntroductionRouters and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide is a supplement to your classroom and laboratory experience with the Cisco Networking Academy Program. Specifically, this book covers the second of four courses. To be successful in this course and achieve your CCNA certification, you should do everything possible to arm yourself with a variety of tools and training materials to support your learning efforts. This book is just such a collection of tools. Used to its fullest extent, i t can help you gain the knowledge as well as practice the skills associated with the content area of the CCNA 2 Routers and Routing Basics course.Specifically, this book can help you work on these main areas of CCNA 2:  ¦ Configuring a router  ¦ Managing the Cisco IOS  ¦ Selecting a routing protocol  ¦ Verifying and troubleshooting a network  ¦ Implementing basic security with access control lists Books similar to this one are also available for the other three courses: Networking Basics CCNA 1 Labs and Study Guide, Switching Basics and Intermediate Routing CCNA 3 Labs and Study Guide, and WAN Technologies CCNA 4 Labs and Study Guide. Goals and Methods One of the most important goals of this book is to help you prepare for either the CCNA exam (640-801) or the INTRO exam (640-821).Whether you are studying for the full exam or the first part of your CCNA, passing either of these exams means that you not only have the required knowledge of the technologies covered by the exa m, but that you can also plan, design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot these technologies. In other words, these exams are rigorously application-based. In fact, if you view the main objectives for the CCNA exam at http://www. cisco. com/go/certifications, you can see the following four categories of objectives:  ¦ Planning & Design  ¦ Implementation & Operation  ¦ Troubleshooting  ¦ TechnologyAlthough Technology is listed last, a CCNA student cannot possibly plan, design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot networks without first fully grasping the technology. So you must devote large amounts of time and effort in the Study Guide section of each chapter, learning the concepts and theories before applying them in the Lab Exercises. The Study Guide section offers exercises that help you learn the concepts and configurations that are crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. Each chapter is slightly different and includes some or all of the following types of exe rcises:  ¦Vocabulary Matching and Completion  ¦ Skill-Building Activities and Scenarios  ¦ Configuration Scenarios  ¦ Concept Questions  ¦ Journal Entries  ¦ Internet Research xxx Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Labs and Study Guide The Lab Exercises section includes a Command Reference table, all the online Curriculum Labs, and new Comprehensive Labs and Challenge Labs. The Curriculum Labs typically walk you through the configuration tasks step by step. The Comprehensive Labs include many, if not all, of the configuration tasks of the Curriculum Labs without actually providing you with the commands.The Challenge Labs take this a step further, often giving you only a general requirement that you must implement fully without the details of each small step. In other words, you must use the knowledge and skills you gained in the Curriculum Labs to successfully complete the Comprehensive and Challenge Labs. In fact, you should not attempt the Comprehensive or Challenge lab s until you have worked through all the Study Guide activities and the Curriculum Labs. Avoid the temptation to work through the Comprehensive and Challenge Labs by flipping back through the Curriculum Labs when you are unsure of a command.Do not try to short-change your CCNA training. You need a deep understanding of CCNA knowledge and skills to ultimately be successful on the CCNA exam. How This Book Is Organized Because the content of Routers and Routing Basics CCNA 2 Companion Guide and the online course is sequential, you should work through this book in order, beginning with Chapter 1. Chapters 1 through 11 cover the following topics: Chapter 1, â€Å"WANs and Routers†Ã¢â‚¬â€After presenting a few vocabulary exercises covering the topic of WANs, this chapter delves into the internal and external components of routers.Understanding how a router works and how you connect to a router are important concepts and skills you need throughout the rest of your CCNA studies. The three Curriculum Labs focus your attention on connecting LANs and WANs using routers. An additional Challenge Lab helps you review the skills learned in the Curriculum Labs. Chapter 2, â€Å"Introduction to Routers†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter discusses the basics of using the command-line interface (CLI). Several exercises help you solidify your skills with using the CLI.In addition, you work through exercises that focus on understanding the router boot sequence and interpreting output from the show version command. The three Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the configuration tasks covered in the chapter. Two additional labs, a Comprehensive Lab and Challenge Lab, help you review the commands and skills learned in the Curriculum Labs. Chapter 3, â€Å"Configuring a Router†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter first focuses on basic router configuraion, including learning the commands that every router uses as well as activating interfaces and setting up basic routing.Then your attentio n turns to file-management issues: backing up the configuration and the IOS. The ten Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the router configuration and file-management tasks covered in the chapter. Two additional labs, a Comprehensive Lab and Challenge Lab, help you review the commands and skills learned in the Curriculum Labs. Chapter 4, â€Å"Learning About Other Devices†Ã¢â‚¬â€The Cisco IOS software offers a powerful tool for gathering information about other directly connected devices through its Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP).This chapter’s exercises center your attention on the benefits of using CDP as a network engineer. Other commands, including telnet and traceroute, are also part of your tool kit for learning about other network devices. So you spend some time on these as well. The eight Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the configuration tasks covered in the chapter. Two additional Comprehensive Labs help you review the commands and skills learned i n the Curriculum Labs. Chapter 5, â€Å"Managing Cisco IOS Software†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter examines in detail how a router boots and loads the IOS.Knowing the default boot sequence as well as how to change the sequence is an important part of your network engineer’s skill set. Exercises focus on the boot sequence, the boot system commands, the configuration register, the IOS naming convention, and methods for uploading and downloading an IOS. The six Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the configuration tasks covered in the chapter. An additional Challenge Lab helps you review the commands and skills learned in the Curriculum Labs. xxxi Chapter 6, â€Å"Routing and Routing Protocols†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter covers a crucial topic for any CCNA candidate: routing.Exercises focus on reading routing table output from the show ip route command, using static routing, choosing a routing protocol, understanding dynamic routing, and learning basic Routing Information Proto col (RIP) configuration. The Curriculum Lab focuses your attention on configuring static routes. Two additional labs, a Comprehensive Lab and Challenge Lab, help you review the commands and skills learned in the chapter. Chapter 7, â€Å"Distance Vector Routing Protocols†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter covers how distance vector routing avoids loops.In addition, you extend your skills in configuring RIP and you learn some valuable troubleshooting tools. The seven Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the configuration tasks covered in the chapter. Two additional labs, a Comprehensive Lab and Challenge Lab, help you review the commands and skills learned in the chapter. Chapter 8, â€Å"TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter takes a brief look at the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). A basic understanding of the IP packet header and the most important ICMP messages are covered.There are no labs in this chapter. Chapter 9, â€Å"Basic Router Trouble shooting†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter focuses exclusively on your troubleshooting skills. For a major part of the CCNA exam, you must be proficient at troubleshooting a simple internetwork. Exercises include dissecting a routing table entry, knowing troubleshooting steps, matching a problem to the correct layer, and reviewing the most powerful show and debug commands. The seven Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the configuration tasks covered in the chapter.An additional Challenge Lab helps you review the commands and skills learned in the Curriculum Labs. Chapter 10, â€Å"Intermediate TCP/IP†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter is mostly a review of material covered in your CCNA 1 studies. Exercises include learning vocabulary, reviewing TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) segments, understanding port numbers, and comparing Layers 2, 3 and 4. The two Curriculum Labs focus your attention on how port numbers work to allow multiple sessions for the same host or application. Chapter 11, à ¢â‚¬Å"Access Control Lists (ACLs)†Ã¢â‚¬â€This chapter covers the fundamentals of access control lists.Having a basic understanding of ACLs and knowing how to implement them are crucial to your success on the CCNA exam and in the networking field. Therefore, the exercises in this chapter are extensive. First, you work through some exercises that help you understand what ACLs are and how they operate. Then you work through eight ACL configuration exercises and scenarios that focus on CCNA-level security implementations. The eight Curriculum Labs focus your attention on the configuration tasks covered in the chapter. An additional Challenge Lab helps you review the commands and skills learned in the Curriculum Labs.Appendix A, â€Å"CCNA 2 Skills-Based Assessment Practice†Ã¢â‚¬â€This appendix contains a practice lab for the Skills-Based Assessment in which you are required to demonstrate all the skills covered in the CCNA 2 course. Appendix B, â€Å"Router Interface Sum mary†Ã¢â‚¬â€This appendix provides a chart of the router interface identifiers that you need for the curriculum-based labs in each chapter. Appendix C, â€Å"Erasing and Reloading the Router†Ã¢â‚¬â€This appendix guides you through the procedure for clearing out previous configurations and starting with an unconfigured router for use in the Curriculum Labs in each chapter. This page intentionally left blank